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1. the protocol (https://) plus a hostname,
2. just for ARK and URN, there's also a label ("ark:" or "urn:"),
3. the name assigning authority (99999, 10.99999, or purl.org), which is the organization that created a particular identifier,
4. and finally, the name, or local identifier, that it assigned (12345). 

And they all have very little effect on persistence.

Do you mean that ARK, DOI, Handle, PURL, and URN are useless?

No, but That's too strong a statement, however, it's good to keep these identifier schemes (types) in perspective.

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